The fast pace of changes in the old urban fabrics accentuates the way we approach and deal with these fabrics, regardless of the positive or negative aspects of the physical changes that depend on the views of the planners and the policies adopted. It is necessary to document and record the previous architectural patterns. The main challenge in this confrontation is whether the old buildings of the city of Arak have the ability to be categorized in a typology, and how to recognize the main types of identified structures in this fabric. This research, with a descriptive approach, elucidates the architectural theme and zoning in the historic urban fabric, and focuses on the general orientation of residential buildings, the generic elements of the building, its physical elements and its components, and their applications in the old HOUSES. As a result, this descriptive– historical study, in which a combination of methods was used, led to recognition of residential typology and understanding of major types of residential architecture patterns in the old context. Finally, three main types were introduced in the HOUSES of Arak. Given the developments in the last century, historic HOUSES are severely subject to destruction, while the majority of residential areas in Iran are located in historic urban fabrics. Studies show that there has not been much research conducted on these HOUSES and there is no comprehensive understanding of them, while emphasizing on the basic needs of the Iranian people and their environment can lead us to the appropriate housing pattern for Iranians. The city of Arak has been considered majorly from an industrial and commercial point of view. In this regard, the architecture and urbanization of Arak have been neglected and its developments have been neglected. Except for a few cases that have generally addressed the subject, this idea has not been previously researched. On the other hand, the HOUSES of Arak are suitable models for understanding the development of Arak architecture due to their dispersion in the city and belonging to different time periods. For this purpose, in this research, the typology of TRADITIONAL HOUSES in Arak has been studied. Studies show that there are different definitions and methods for typology. Therefore, after studying the shape, climate, cultural, and structure of materials, the historical typology of Qajar HOUSES in Arak is discussed. Three house types have been identified by surveys carried out on Arak HOUSES:-Type A (Mountainous Type)-Type B (Desert Type)-Type C (Extrovert Type) The mountainous type is derived from the architecture style of cold and dry climate of Iran such as Hamedan, Kurdistan, and so on. In this type, the shape of the plan is compact with one or two sides; it is asymmetric, with two floors most often and an average occupancy level with a large number of rooms. The desert type is based on the architecture of Iranian desert cities such as Yazd and Kashan. In this type, two other subcategories are also observed. The first subcategory (B1) is very similar to the HOUSES of the hot and dry climate of Iran with a central courtyard. Mostly the central courtyard has three or four sides and is symmetrical, with mostly two floors and a medium occupancy level with a large number of rooms. The second subcategory (B2) is more closely related to desert type in terms of spatial organization and is generally different from the central courtyard HOUSES. In terms of the shape of a plan, it has two or three sides, and is asymmetric, most often with two floors and an average occupancy level with a small number of rooms. The extrovert type, which originated in Pahlavi period, is derived from the typical Persian Pahlavi architecture of Iran. This type has been created outside the fabric of the castle. In terms of shape, they have extrovert plans; it has an asymmetrical structure, mostly with two floors and with a low occupancy level with a large number of rooms. On the other hand, over time, the spatial organization of HOUSES has changed from Qajar period to Pahlavi era:-The HOUSES have become more extrovert and the central courtyards have become fewer.-There is less symmetry in Pahlavi HOUSES.-The vast majority of HOUSES in the old city (castle of Sultan Abad) have a central courtyard, but this pattern is lost once the city was expanded outside the castle. Overall, in HOUSES outside the fabric, the area of the yard is larger than the HOUSES inside the fabric.

The architecture of HOUSES, design and management are a collection of behaviors that are realized in space. The recognition of TRADITIONAL HOUSES requires having space in possession; that is to say, seeing the building and seeking the key to appreciating it. On the one hand, it refers to the different dimensions and features of the building and on the other, it represents the main objectives of life and the respective spiritual content in the builders’ lifestyles. Employing the typological method, this article has attempted to arrive at an applied appreciation of criteria for organizing space in TRADITIONAL HOUSES in Qazvin.In the theoretical section, this study made use of a qualitative and librarybased approach and an analytical-descriptive method for the theoretical framework. In the applied section, however, this research employed a library-based approach as well as an experimental-descriptive method to observe and assess the documents attributed to these old HOUSES. The results of the present study indicate that with respect to spatial patterns, there are three types of space: open, closed and covered. They are shaped when combined with the three components of roof, ceiling and wall depending on the location, weather, temperature and the area of the yard.

The promotion of technology and science is one of the Manifestations of community development and is one of the main programs in developing countries. Following this development limitations and problems also appear. Due to advances in technology and consequently increasing energy consumption, especially in the housing sector, numerous issues including costs and environmental pollution, arise. In parallel to these issues in recent decades, in the design of small and medium-sized country HOUSES, the calculations of the installation engineer related to comfort and low energy consumption have received little attention. Whereas in the past, according to TRADITIONAL Iranian architectural patterns, passive cooling without energy consumption has been the most important part of providing comfort in hot and dry climates. Also, it seems to be a particular link between the architectural design patterns formed by geometrical proportions and the climatic design, that made the design faster and less neglected to provide comfort. However, today, with advanced computing technologies, we still see numerous buildings with severe deficiencies in climate design. This article assumes that there is a significant geometric structure from the perspective of static cooling in the TRADITIONAL HOUSES of Shiraz, seeking to find the relationship between the geometric structure of the architectural design to detect the optimal conditions of comfort with the lowest energy consumption and the fastest design time. In this regard, evaluating past designs with a point of view of energy based on new standards is a priority for the research path. The research method is descriptive-analytical and due to variation in passive cooling techniques and methods, along with computer analysis. After selecting the samples according to the criteria and extracting the geometric design pattern, base model production and energy analysis with the use of Design Builder software are performed, which enables the evaluation of the energy level of HOUSES by adaptation of the analysis to the Iranian energy classification standard. Finally, it can be concluded that the geometrical and structural patterns used in the selected homes are significantly consistent with the comfort conditions. In other words, the numerical proportions available at "Peymon", could produce a structure of dimensions and coexistence of components at the time of architectural designing that, in addition to meeting the structural and aesthetic requirements, were responsive to current energy consumption standards. At the time of the designing of the buildings, due to the lack of installation systems, this privilege was obtained only through static methods. In the performed analyzes, all extracted base patterns without any change in the components conducted Energy class label C. Next; it was possible to upgrade to B and A levels by optimizing the structure with thermal Insulation and double glazed window, etc. In the end, we can say that the modern architectural design inspired by the "peymoon" theory can increase the quality of energy consumption in the buildings with high speed and ease. So if in today's buildings, in the architectural design process, we use a pattern-based approach to the peymoon structure, at least in possible parts such as facades or general geometry؛ Not only can design time be reduced, but even without the need for installation engineer calculations in the energy field (which is usually eliminated in the design of small and sometimes medium-sized HOUSES) much better conditions can be achieved in terms of energy efficiency.

From long ago, “house” was something more than just a shelter and the spiritual aspects could be seen in every step, from construction to the usage. But nowadays, ignoring the quality as well as spiritual requirements of the inhabitants while considering the economical and functional factors, result in reducing the role of HOUSES in devoting the identification to the human beings, to the extent which one of the regardless issues in programming and designing process of the HOUSES appear to be the cultural values. From the authors’ point of view, making use of our ancestors’ experiences in designing the identified HOUSES, today known as “Iranian HOUSES”, seems to be helpful in overcoming the current situation. The paper is a case study research with a combinational method that has the descriptive, analytical and logical reasoning research methods. Therefore, in this article, the authors tried to investigate the valuable concepts of TRADITIONAL Iranian HOUSES, relied on the particular lifestyle by the means of direct observation, field study, documents review and interviewing with some of the TRADITIONAL HOUSES inhabitants. Thus, for identification of “life”, indicators such as family and lifestyle are discussed and the data resulting from the questionnaires is listed .The results show that there was correct relation between the building and the inhabitants’ “life style” in TRADITIONAL HOUSES. In this way, the association between “the life” and some of the important factors found in the Iranian HOUSES, including nature, group living, space flexibility, neighbors, beauty etc. are explained to achieve a comprehensive viewpoint of Iranian HOUSES.

To reach greater efficiency, TRADITIONAL HOUSES have experimentally achieved principles and patterns over time that are repeated explicitly or implicitly in all HOUSES. Providing great harmony with the culture and climate of the region, some of these principles are used in a larger spatial or temporal range and some in a smaller range. The study aims to identify and study the principles and physical patterns of TRADITIONAL HOUSES in Kashan by providing examples. The research is applied and qualitative and uses descriptive and analytical methods based on case studies. Data collection was conducted through field surveys and studying written sources. The scope of the study is the TRADITIONAL HOUSES of Kashan in Jalali fort during the Qajar and First Pahlavi period. The case study consists of eight HOUSES that were randomly selected from the collection of HOUSES of the Kashan Cultural Heritage Organization. The findings of this study are categorized into three main patterns: the pattern of relationships with the surroundings and the city, the pattern of spatial arrangement and formation, the pattern of activity and functions. These patterns include eight principles: in harmony with the context, simplicity of the external body, negative space as a forming center, coherence of the positive space, sequential and articular spatial arrangement, confidentiality, variety of functional spaces, and multiple sides for different activities. The results of this research show how HOUSES are formed based on the mentioned patterns and principles starting from the courtyard and evolving to the relationships with the city back and forth. By explaining these principles, this research can pave the way for recognizing other principles and patterns that shape TRADITIONAL HOUSES.

In the twentieth century after the advent of republicanism in Turkey, nationalistic and regional approaches were at odd s with approaches influenced by the West in search of Turkish identity in architectural works. For this reason, this interested Turkish architectures to pay attention to their native architecture and urbanism during Ottoman era. In this context, TRADITIONAL HOUSES came to the fore as the key to achieving Turkish identity in architecture in the course of the second nationalist movement in modern times, and thereafter it was developed by following generation of Turkish architectures. The acclaimed modern features lying in the architecture of the HOUSES and customs representing the Turkish civil identity have turned them into a symbol of contemporary Turkish identity in this course of action. Ottoman tradition of house construction and its effect on Turks’ architecture in the course of the second nationalist movement in Turkey’s contemporary architecture have made the study of Turkish architectures’ transition from tradition to modernity a significant issue, which is addressed in this paper. The results of the seminal works by the second nationalist leaders as to Turkey’s architecture were here approached in terms of how they were impressed by the architecture of Ottoman TRADITIONAL HOUSES, which were divided into three categories and the architectural characteristics of each of them were analyzed and compared.

Kashan is a city in Iran with a host of TRADITIONAL HOUSES that date to the Qajar period. Sociocultural and climatic factors have had the greatest impact on their spatial configurations. In this study, focusing on entrances, the spatial configuration of HOUSES in Kashan is analyzed. HOUSES are first categorized in terms of physical form in four categories: single-courtyard HOUSES with massing on two sides; single-courtyard HOUSES with massing on three sides; single-courtyard HOUSES with massing on four sides; and double-courtyard HOUSES with massing on four sides. In the second step, the number of entrances and their positions were identified. Next, spatial configuration analysis is used to analyze entrances in each category. In this regard, two indices of integration and step depth (visual connection) are assessed. In the third step, the arrangement of summer and winter sections of HOUSES in each group was investigated based on Justified Graphs and Visibility Graph Analysis. The main hypothesis of this study is that HOUSES in each category have similar spatial connections and that the spatial organization of the summer and winter sections are different. In addition, the relationship between the entrance spaces and residential spaces in each category is discussed. The results show that in terms of spatial configuration, there are HOUSES with different visual depths in each category, but similar sociocultural implications are evident in all configurations that are based on sociocultural characteristics of Iranian-Islamic architecture in Kashan. Also, the spatial organization of the summer and winter living sections is varied. With regard to entrances, it was observed that in all categories, an increase in the number of entrances does not necessarily reduce the visual layering of HOUSES.

Considered a multi-aspect and complex issue, a house is a social institution that has major effects on the lives of its dwellers. Today, turbulence and interference of people’ s daily activities and their effects on intra-family and extra-family social relations, and lack of appropriate relations between patterns of personal relations and allocated spaces to HOUSES have led to dwellers’ dissatisfaction. The main goal of this study is to investigate those semantic changes, pertaining to patterns of daily activities and social relations. In this research, historical and ethnographic methods are employed to study TRADITIONAL and contemporary HOUSES respectively. Results show there have been changes in people’ s activity pattern, entertainment programs, doing and dividing works, time management, health care system, domestic food production and intra-family and extra-family social relationships. These changes have occurred along with spatial changes; therefore, the socio-spatial meaning of the part related to social relationships and activities has been integrated into contemporary HOUSES; in a way so that in some spaces the socio-spatial meaning is totally changed, in some spaces the new meaning, in line with the past meaning, has gained a new form and in some others the same past meaning is retained. Among socio-spatial meanings which survive in new forms, one can point to the role of father in the family and its socio-spatial effects. Among the totally changed meanings, we can mention the role of woman at home and its socio-spatial impacts. On the other hand, these changes have affected, with varying degrees, different things from the patterns of activities to physical features of HOUSES. Issues like object-orientation significance vs. space-orientation, weakened role of spatial form and geometry, tendency for closed spaces vs. open ones and individuality are instances of these changes. House as one of the noble human heritage has always been considered from various angles and as a social institution has a great effect on the lives of its inhabitants. And alongside human life, which has many challenges and complexities, the house is also a complex subject with different semantic layers. Considering the fact that the house as a social institution has a high status in society, therefore, social meaning among other meanings of the house is of particular importance. Therefore, in this research, how this meaning is defined in the spaces of the house is dealt with. The turmoil and interference between the activities of people who are today most likely to be seen in homes indicates the inappropriateness and proper relationship between the pattern of activities of individuals and the home spaces. On the other hand, the lack of proper understanding of the pattern of current activities of individuals led to the design of spatial disparities with the pattern of activities in most homes, which led to residents’ dissatisfaction. Because social cultural categories are always created in a long time, it seems that what we see today is created in a historical context. In fact, in order to better understand the current situation, this relationship should be measured in TRADITIONAL homes so that we can correct the defects by comparing what we are seeing today. In this way, the relationship between the pattern of activities and the spaces of TRADITIONAL and contemporary HOUSES and the socio-spatial meaning of the subject followed up by the study is measured in a selection of TRADITIONAL and contemporary HOUSES in Arak. In this research, a historical method has been used to study TRADITIONAL HOUSES and ethnographic methods for contemporary HOUSES. Historically, data collection has been used through interviews with the old residents of these HOUSES and the observation of the building (field method) as well as the documents of the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, and also ethnographic studies and historical sociology. The data of contemporary HOUSES in Arak are also gathered through ethnographic method and participatory observation. Changes in homes are investigated in four factors: activities, social relationships, time, and spatial-physical characteristics in homes. Then, by comparing these four factors and data tables, socio-spatial changes in these homes were obtained. The comparative comparison of TRADITIONAL and contemporary HOUSES in Arak shows that a change has occurred in the socio-spatial sense of the house. It is important to note that the transformation of meaning in all the spaces and activities is not the same, so that in some spaces the social-spatial meaning has completely changed. In some spaces, along with the meaning of the past, a new meaning has been found, and in others, the same meaning in the past is spilled in space.

Given that high energy consumption in residential buildings is one of the main problems in Syria, applying criteria for a climate-responsive building design is one of the most important ways to reduce energy consumption. This article seeks to study and compare the historical and contemporary residential buildings of the city of Homs and extract the positive and negative aspects of each. The main issue of this research is to identify the TRADITIONAL and contemporary housing in the city of Homs in terms of environmental model and accordingly provide practical solutions for climate-responsive building design. To achieve this goal, we first studied the criteria of comfort and identified the advantages and limitations of various indicators in a number of climate-responsive designs, and then, we analyzed the housing patterns of the city of Homs. The present research was conducted based on desk studies, including documents, maps, and field observations, with a descriptive-analytical method. The study found that in the historical context of Homs in the Mamluk and Ottoman periods, residents built valuable buildings affected by the dominant culture. In fact, these valuable buildings are now in Syria an essential part of the TRADITIONAL architecture’s identity. French colonization of Syria has changed the form, structure and shape of residential buildings. During the French colonization, in Homs, buildings were influenced by the technology of the industrial age. These buildings are still operating today with high energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to propose some climate-responsive solutions for the new buildings constructed in the hot and humid climate of Homs, with a tinge of TRADITIONAL architecture. The idea put forward in this paper is to create an urban texture. This texture is largely inspired by the Habitat housing units. It is designed in such a way that is flexible to natural growth and expansion and reflects TRADITIONAL HOUSES. Eventually, relying on the positive points and merits discussed at the end of the paper, construction of climate-responsive HOUSES is a possibility.

Architecture of every territory and every culture features its own specific properties that per se define the architectural identity of a land. In Iran’ s historical cities, many preparatory works are applied for creating comfort and elevating the environment quality and the study of the physical context and properties in these areas enables offering of a proper definition of them. The high temperature and intensive irradiation in the hot regions have caused the accompaniment of the physical conditions with many solutions for creating shades parallel to the supply of comfort. These solutions have been beautifully blended with the aesthetical aspects of the buildings and this same coordination has led to the creation of innovative works. In the present study, efforts have been made through concentrating on the physical and contextual environment of the historical texture in the city of Dezful to identify the irradiation control method and various factors for creating shade in the building level and in the interior spaces, on the one hand, and urban environment, on the other. To perform this study, a descriptive method was employed to select the study samples from amongst the TRADITIONAL HOUSES and historical texture areas with the lowest changes in their contextual forms following which their shading components were identified and integrated into a model. Based thereupon, considering the studies performed in this regard, a 3D model was created for better understanding of these elements according to the spatial details and shading factors in Sahrabedar Maghrebi Neighborhood and Suzangar Historical HOUSES area and each of these components were described in two groups of architectural shaders and urban shaders. In general, the shading components of the area’ s architecture can be defined in three-element sets, namely skylight, skylight-shader elements and shading elements. The proper recognition of these components and paying attention to their performance can lead to the understanding of the generalizable patterns regarding the control of the environmental conditions, on the one hand, and the spatial details for enhancing the aesthetical qualities of today’ s residential spaces, on the other.